Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Tissues, organs and body systems

  • Tissue: group of cells with a similar structure and specialized function
  • Organs: made up of two or more types of primary tissue which perform a particular function
  • Body system: made up of groups of organs that perform related functions and work together to achieve a common goal

Homeostasis

  • The maintenance of steady states within our bodies coordinated by physiological mechanisms
  • Homeostatic control systems sense deviations from normal, integrate this information and make appropriate adjustments to restore controlled variable to desired value
  • Intrinsic controls: local controls that are inherent in an organ
  • Extrinsic controls: regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ, accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems
  • Feedforward: responses made in anticipation of a change
  • Feedback: responses made after a change has been detected
    • Positive feedback systems: amplify an initial change
    • Negative feedback systems: oppose an initial change
      • Main homeostatic control system
      • Components - sensor, control centre, effector
      • Promotes stability by regulation of a controlled variable through the flow of information along a closed loop