Recurrent epileptic seizures without full recovery of consciousness
Aetiology
Precipitants of status
- Severe metabolic disorders - hyponatraemia, pydidoxine deficiency
- Sub-arachnoid haemorrhage
- Abrupt withdrawal of anti-convulsants
- Treating absence seizures with CBZ
Pathophysiology
Types
- Generalised convulsive status epilepticus
- Generalised convulsions without cessation
- Excess cerebral energy demand and poor subtrate delivery causes lasting damage - glutamate release, excitotoxicity, neuronal death
- Can cause: respiratory insufficiency and hypoxia, hypotension, hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis
- Non-convulsive status - conscious but in 'altered state'
- Epilepsia partialis continua - continual focal seizures, consciousness preserved
- The possibility of partial status epilepticus should be considered in any patient presenting with an acute confusional state
- Confirm diagnosis with EEG recording
- Drug treatment and investigation as for convulsive status short of general anaethesia and ITU admission
- Seek specialist advice in refractory cases
Clinical presentation
- Continuous seizure activity lasting more than 30 mins
Investigations
- Identify cause after stabilising patient - emergency blood tests +/- CT
Management
- Give glucose if any suggestion of hypoglycaemia
- Give IV thiamine if any suggestion of alcoholism or impaired nutritional status